![]() (2−5) However, the advent of lasers, novel camera types (such as electron-multiplying charge-coupled device, EMCCD, cameras), and creative experimental techniques brought single molecules in condensed phases within reach in the 1980s, culminating in the first optical detection of a single molecule in 1989. Both requirements seemed unachievable for a long time, and with the exception of certain experiments in vacuum, only large assemblies of putatively identical molecules were investigated and measured parameters suffered from ensemble averaging. (1) Indeed, this task poses unique challenges: To sense a single molecule, it must be efficiently excited, and the emitted signal must be recorded with exquisite sensitivity. ![]() For much of the early decades of modern chemistry, it was an undisputed dogma that it is impossible to directly detect and investigate a single molecule.
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